哈密翼龙及其3D胚胎化石研究

 翼龙是地球上第一类飞向天空也是唯一绝灭的飞行脊椎动物，人类对其产卵繁殖、生长发育和生活习性等方面的了解还十分有限。本文介绍了一件超过200枚哈密翼龙蛋、胚胎和骨骼化石三位一体保存的重要标本，包括16枚翼龙蛋含有三维立体的胚胎化石。针对这件全世界首次发现的3D翼龙胚胎，研究提出哈密翼龙具有相对早熟的胚胎发育模式，其后肢发育速度较前肢快，孵化之后只能走不能飞；胚胎发育期间牙齿尚未萌出，出生后还需要父母照料；从胚胎到亚成年都具有快速生长的骨骼结构；显示哈密翼龙具有群居的生活习性，白垩纪的湖泊风暴导致其集群死亡并快速埋藏。     

基因表达式编程用于有机化合物的毒性预测

基因表达式编程方法(GEP)是一种新型的数据挖掘和建模工具,应用GEP方法对110个有机化合物的毒性进行了构效关系研究,并与人工神经网络(BP-ANN)和偏最小二乘(PLS)方法比较.结果发现,GEP方法的预测较好,且模型稳定.     

咯菌腈对3种环境生物的急性毒性评价

为研究咯菌腈对人体和环境的潜在危害。试验选择大型溞、羊角月牙藻和蚯蚓赤子爱胜作为受试生物进行急性毒性试验,并评价其毒性。结果表明：咯菌腈对大型溞48 h-EC50分别为0.55 mg/L,其95%置信限为0.45～0.77 mg/L;对羊角月牙藻的72 h-EC50为0.66 mg/L,其95%置信限为0.62～0.74 mg/L;对蚯蚓赤子爱胜的14d-LC50〉10 mg ai/kg-1干土。按照农药分级标准,咯菌腈对大型溞的急性毒性为高毒,对羊角月牙藻的急性毒性为中毒,对蚯蚓的急性毒性为低毒。咯菌腈对不同生物表现出不同的毒性,对水生生物表现出较高的毒性,其在生产使用中应谨慎。     

灭菌唑对日本鹌鹑的急性毒性评价

研究灭菌唑对鸟类的急性经口毒性和饲喂毒性,为该药的环境风险提供数据支持。采用室内模拟方法,研究灭菌唑对日本鹌鹑的急性经口毒性和急性饲喂毒性,并对结果进行毒性评价。结果表明：当经口毒性试验定为1 000 mg ai/kg体重浓度时,在7 d的试验周期内,试验鸟类未发生死亡及其它中毒症状。当饲喂毒性试验设定为1 000 mg ai/kg饲料浓度时,在8 d的试验周期内,试验组与对照组摄食量无明显差异,试验鸟类未发生死亡及其它中毒症状。灭菌唑对日本鹌鹑的急性经口毒性7 d-LD 50〉1000 mg ai/kg体重、急性饲喂毒性LD 50〉1 000 mg ai/kg饲料,根据《化学农药环境安全评价准则》,灭菌唑对鸟类的急性毒性为低毒,是一种较为安全的农药。     

水体中盐酸环丙沙星的风险等级分析

分析了抗生素类药物盐酸环丙沙星对水中不同食物链水生生物包括小球藻、发光菌、大型蚤、孔雀鱼的影响,其急性毒性EC₅₀或者LC₅₀数值分别为20.61,63.27,135.15,365.00 mg·L^-1。毒性作用规律结果显示,随着生物链等级的升高,生物对环丙沙星的耐受程度升高。将综合评价因子(PEC/PNEC)作为环境风险表征参数,对大连开发区污水处理厂排水及大连湾沿海养殖区中存在的盐酸环丙沙星进行风险分析,发现盐酸环丙沙星在沿海养殖区水域中的环境风险高于污水处理厂排水。小球藻的综合评价因子数值范围最大,可作为评价水体中盐酸环丙沙星残留风险等级的生物标志物。     

两种生物农药对蚯蚓的急性毒性及氧化胁迫效应

为探究植物性杀虫剂鱼藤酮、藜芦碱对蚯蚓的影响选择赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为受试生物,通过急性毒性实验和抗氧化酶活性测定,揭示鱼藤酮、藜芦碱的毒性效应。结果显示,急性染毒试验鱼藤酮对蚯蚓24h、48h的半致死质量浓度分别为23.96mg/L、5.991mg/L,藜芦碱对蚯蚓24h、48h的半致死浓度分别为40.67mg/L、20.33 mg/L。说明藜芦碱、鱼藤酮对蚯蚓有致死效应,鱼藤酮的毒性强于藜芦碱;蚯蚓体重的增长受到了药物浓度的影响,有较明显的剂量效应关系,但随时间的延长对蚯蚓体重的抑制效应减弱;在药物胁迫下,SOD与POD活性变化随质量浓度增大呈现先上升后下降,蚯蚓体内SOD、POD响应不同,POD对药物响应更敏感。     

New insights on the external features of egg capsules and embryo development in the squid Loligo vulgaris

The embryonic development of the squid Loligo vulgaris was observed from 183 egg masses collected from special devices deployed throughout Cabrera National Park (Baleares Islands, western Mediterranean Sea). Sequence alignment analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene revealed that all embryos belonged to L. vulgaris. In total, 549 egg capsules were examined. Viable egg capsules (n = 420) were classified into one of five maturation stages according to the primary external features. The length of the viable egg capsules varied between 40 and 170 mm, and increased with embryonic development. The non-viable capsules (n = 129) were categorized into four groups: I (Ginger root), non-viable II and III, and empty egg capsule (IV). The percentage of non-viable capsules (i.e. grades I, II and III) was 92.25%. Empty capsules accounted for 7.75% of the total non-viable egg capsules. Embryonic development was classified into a second scale of eight stages. Egg capsule stage and embryonic stage were significantly related (n = 420; p < 0.001), facilitating the determination of the embryo developmental phase based on the outward appearance of the egg capsules. The embryo development stage based on the external features of the egg capsules might constitute an innovative tool for in situ embryological data collection. This new method is neither time consuming nor invasive, and could be helpful in fishing cruises, for scuba diving visual census in natural habitats and for laboratory culture. Slight variability in the developmental embryonic stages within egg capsules from the same egg mass was identified. The origin of this asynchrony is discussed. Chronological appearance of organs was similar to that of the six loliginid species previously examined. However, some developmental changes in the timing or rate of events (heterochronies) were observed: Hoyle’s organ was formed earlier in L. vulgaris and the appearance of ventral chromatophores was slightly delayed (2 days) compared with the other species considered.     

Effects of metals and organic compounds on survival and bioaccumulation in two species of marine gammaridean amphipod,together with a summary of toxicological research on this group

The toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, DDT, PCB and the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel to the gammaridean amphipods Corophium insidiosum and Elasmopus bampo were measured. At 96 h exposure C. insidiosum was more sensitive to arsenic, zinc, DDT, PCB and the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel than E. bampo, whereas E. bampo was more sensitive to cadmium, chromium and copper than C. insidiosum. Over a 20-day period C. insidiosum accumulated greater amounts of chromium, copper, lead and zinc than E. bampo, whereas E. bampo accumulated more cadmium, DDT and PCB than C. insidiosum. The toxicity and bioaccumulation of toxicants to other species of marine gammaridean amphipods are tabulated.     

重金属对植物的毒害及植物的耐性机制

重金属是一类重要的环境污染物.受重金属胁迫,植物细胞的膜透性、光合代谢、呼吸代谢、酶代谢、遗传效应发生改变、脯氨酸积累;植物的耐性机制表现在耐重金属生态型的产生、重金属结合多肽的形成、重金属离子的区域化以及活性氧自由基清除系统的活化.